What are oncolytic viruses?

Oncolytic viruses (OV) are viruses, generally injected directly into cancerous tumors, that destroy cancer cells while doing little or no damage to normal cells in the human body. For example, the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been shown to selectively infect cancer cells and rapidly replicate in them. The virus induces an immune response which then fights the tumor. The overall side effects of such a virus in humans are mild.

Oncolytic Virus (OVs) preferentially replicate within cancer cells and induce their death, while sparing healthy cells. They also infect tumor-associated endothelial cells, leading to breakdown of tumor vasculature and subsequent necrosis of uninfected tumor cells. In cancer cells, OVs rely on signaling pathways to establish infection and exploit defective anti-viral immune responsiveness to evade immune surveillance. The definition of “onco-lysis” is tumor destruction.

OV with cancer immunotherapy is a combined therapeutic approach. The administered oncolytic virus (OV) attacks the cancer cells, leaving normal human cells untouched. As a result this treatment has no significant side effects. Furthermore, OV combined with other therapies is a promising approach with potential to extend survival time and even cure, while quality of life is maintained.

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